Designing Water Distribution System Series
designing water distribution system of Shandong Wolize Biotechnology Co., Ltd. has a lot of fans since its launch. It has many competitive advantages over other similar products in the market. It is crafted by our engineers and technicians who are all highly educated and knowledgeable. To make the product stable in its performance and extend its service life, each detailed part is paid great attention during the production process.
WOLIZE has lived up to customers' expectations. Customers have an impression on our products: 'Cost-effective, Competitive price and High performance'. Thus, we have opened up a large international market with high reputation over the years. Our products are exported to dozens of countries around the world and we keep the faith that one day, our brand will be known by everyone in the world!
This advanced system, engineered for precision and innovation, integrates hydraulic modeling and smart control technologies to optimize water flow, minimize energy consumption, and ensure consistent pressure, prioritizing sustainability and efficiency. It features an adaptive architecture that supports seamless integration with existing infrastructure, making it suitable for both new installations and retrofits. By addressing modern challenges in municipal and industrial water management, this solution stands out in enhancing operational efficiency.
How to choose water distribution system?
- Minimize water loss by designing pipe networks with optimal diameters and gradients to reduce pressure leaks.
- Use energy-efficient pumps and variable frequency drives (VFDs) to lower operational energy consumption.
- Integrate real-time monitoring systems with IoT sensors for detecting leaks and automating flow adjustments.
- Construct systems with corrosion-resistant materials like HDPE pipes to ensure long-term durability.
- Design dual-feed configurations to maintain water supply during maintenance or pipe failures.
- Conduct regular pressure testing and maintenance to meet safety standards (e.g., ANSI/AWWA C604).
- Incorporate rainwater harvesting systems and permeable piping materials to reduce groundwater depletion.
- Select recyclable materials like HDPE or PVC pipes to minimize environmental impact.
- Utilize solar-powered pumping stations to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources.
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Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) Process Design Principles
Unlike traditional flow-through aquaculture, Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) achieves water reuse through advanced treatment technologies and equipment. All components must operate in a scientifically sequenced workflow to ensure efficacy. Key design principles include:
1. Sequential Treatment: Solids → Liquids → Gases
Failure to remove solid suspended particles first will compromise subsequent steps. For instance, biofilter media coated with particles hinder nitrifying bacteria from converting ammonia nitrogen, degrading water quality. Excess organic matter from particles may also overload biofilters.
Treatment Sequence:
1. Solid Particle Removal
2. Dissolved Contaminant Removal
3. CO₂ Stripping
4. Disinfection
5. Oxygenation & Temperature Control
2. Solid Waste Treatment by Particle Size
In the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) system, solid particulate matter mainly comes from the feces of aquaculture organisms and feed that has not been consumed. The treatment of solid waste can adopt different treatment methods according to the particle size, from large to small.
Particle size of solid particles
Treatment Method
Equipment
Sedimentable particles larger than 100 microns (mainly residual feces)
Sedimentation
Vertical Flow Sedimentation Tank
Suspended solid particles between 30-100 microns
Filtration
Microscreen Filter
Suspended solid particles smaller than 30 microns
Foam Fractionation
Protein Skimmer
For larger particles with a particle size of over 100 microns (mainly fish manure and residual bait), these particles are sedimentable. To avoid increasing the load on subsequent processes after they break in the system, a precipitation process can be adopted. Vertical flow settler is a device that uses gravity separation to remove sedimentable particles. Through the vertical flow sedimentation process, 60% -70% of solid particles are removed.
After pre-treatment by a vertical flow settler, most of the sedimentable particles have been removed, and the remaining majority are for suspended solid particles between 30-100 microns. This part of the particles can be physically filtered through a microfilter.
After being filtered by a microfilter, the remaining particles are small suspended particles below 30 microns and some soluble organic matter. The particles in this part are mainly separated by foam through protein separator. Foam separation is a common method, which can remove micro suspended particles, soluble organic matter, and has certain functions of increasing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
3. Sequential Filtration Before Disinfection
3.1 Impact of Suspended Solids on UV Disinfection
Suspended particles in water can scatter and absorb ultraviolet radiation. This absorption and scattering effect can lead to the consumption of ultraviolet energy during propagation, further reducing the intensity and bactericidal effect of ultraviolet radiation. A study has found a correlation between suspended solids content and the survival of fecal coliforms in wastewater exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Bacteria with surface attached particles are protected by suspended particles, therefore, ultraviolet disinfection can only reduce the survival capacity by 3-4 log10 units.
Suspended particulate matter can limit the penetration depth of ultraviolet rays in water. In clear water, ultraviolet rays can penetrate the water relatively deeply and disinfect water at different depths. However, when there are suspended particles in the water, the penetration ability of ultraviolet rays will be hindered.
Taking a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) pond as an example, in the absence of suspended particulate matter, ultraviolet radiation may be effective in disinfecting water bodies up to a depth of 0.5-1 meters. But if the concentration of suspended particles in the water is high, ultraviolet rays may only penetrate depths of 0.2-0.3 meters, making it difficult for deeper water bodies to be fully disinfected, forming disinfection blind spots. This can lead to the continued growth and reproduction of microorganisms in these insufficiently disinfected areas, affecting the water quality of the entire Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) system.
In the absence of suspended particulate matter interference, a certain level of ultraviolet radiation dose (such as 10-20mJ/cm ²) can effectively kill it. But if there are a large number of suspended particles in the water, the ultraviolet intensity may only be 50% -70% of the original. To achieve the same disinfection effect, it is necessary to extend the ultraviolet irradiation time or increase the power of the ultraviolet lamp. Otherwise, some microorganisms may not be completely killed, resulting in incomplete disinfection and increasing the risk of infection by aquaculture organisms.
3.2 Impact of Suspended Solids on Ozone Disinfection
Suspended particulate matter will adsorb ozone in water. Due to the large specific surface area of suspended particles, ozone molecules are easily attached to their surfaces. For example, suspended particles such as feed residues, fecal particles, and microbial aggregates have many active sites on their surfaces that can physically adsorb ozone. This makes it difficult for ozone to effectively come into contact with pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.) in water after binding with suspended particulate matter, thereby reducing disinfection efficiency. It's like the disinfection "bullet" (ozone) being intercepted by the "obstacle" (suspended particles) in the middle.
The organic components in suspended particulate matter compete with pathogens for ozone. Many suspended particles contain organic matter, such as incompletely digested proteins, sugars, etc. These organic compounds, like pathogens, can undergo oxidation reactions with ozone. When there are too many suspended particles in water, ozone will preferentially react with these organic substances, consuming a large amount of ozone and reducing the amount of ozone used for disinfecting pathogens. For example, in a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) system containing high concentrations of suspended particulate matter, ozone may first devote most of its energy to oxidizing organic matter on the surface of the particles, while only a small amount of ozone can be used to kill harmful microorganisms in the water.
3.3 Benefits of Filtration Before Disinfection
After physical filtration (removal of suspended solids), biological filtration (removal of soluble harmful substances), and gas filtration (removal of carbon dioxide), the aquaculture water has become very clear. At this time, whether using ultraviolet disinfection or ozone disinfection, the effect will be very good.
4. Water Circulation Parameter Design
The core of Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) is the water cycle. So how to make water circulate? The circulation pump is the core, and its function is like the human heart. The biological filter is the highest point of the entire circulation system, where water flows into various aquaculture ponds through natural atmospheric pressure and then into the pump pool. The circulating pump then pumps water from the pump pool into the biofilter, thereby achieving water circulation.
The circulation pump is so important, so it must be designed with one main and one backup. When the main water pump malfunctions, the backup water pump can be started in a timely manner to prevent breeding accidents.
Circulation Rate Design
The circulation rate of Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) is very important. An appropriate circulation rate can ensure uniform water quality in the aquaculture pond. Through circulation, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and temperature can be evenly distributed throughout the entire water body, avoiding local water quality deterioration. The most important thing is to promote the removal of suspended particulate matter through the circulation of water. The flow of circulating water can bring suspended particles to the filtration equipment for treatment. Adequate circulation rate can improve the removal efficiency of suspended particulate matter and prevent its excessive accumulation in aquaculture ponds. Therefore, the speed of circulation determines the level of suspended particulate matter.
The calculation of circulation rate first requires determining the feeding amount based on the maximum biological carrying capacity, and then calculating the amount of suspended particulate matter produced per hour based on the feeding amount. Then, based on the target value of TSS designed for pond circulating water and the processing capacity of each equipment, calculate the circulation rate.
In summary, the calculation of cycle rate is relatively complex. Based on empirical values, it can be simply used as a reference value to cycle every 1 hours. Taking the cultivation of sea bass in a 1000 cubic meter circulating water body as an example, the cycle frequency is set to a 2-hour cycle. Therefore, the hourly cycle rate is 1000/2=500 tons/hour.
Variable Flow Design
Circulating pump is the equipment with the highest energy consumption in circulating water aquaculture. If the circulation pump is kept in a high-speed circulation state, it will quickly remove waste from the aquaculture water from the aquaculture tank, but the energy consumption is too high. If the circulation pump is kept running at low speed, although the energy consumption is low, the removal rate of waste from the aquaculture tank in the aquaculture water is slow. By installing frequency converters and intelligent control terminals, the variable flow technology can automatically adjust the parameters of the circulating water cycle according to different breeding stages and water quality parameters based on algorithms, achieving variable flow circulation.
Reference Diagram
Reference Process ParametersMaximum number of cycles for the circulating water system24 cycles/day
Breeding density
Seawater (e.g., Grouper): ≥50 kg/m³
Freshwater (e.g., Bass): ≥50 kg/m³
Utilization rate of aquaculture water in the circulating water system
≥90%
Water exchange rate
≤10%
UV sterilization rate
≥99.9%
Unlike traditional flow-through aquaculture, Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) achieves water reuse through advanced treatment technologies and equipment. All components must operate in a scientifically sequenced workflow to ensure efficacy. Key design principles include:
1. Sequential Treatment: Solids → Liquids → Gases
Failure to remove solid suspended particles first will compromise subsequent steps. For instance, biofilter media coated with particles hinder nitrifying bacteria from converting ammonia nitrogen, degrading water quality. Excess organic matter from particles may also overload biofilters.
Treatment Sequence:
1. Solid Particle Removal
2. Dissolved Contaminant Removal
3. CO₂ Stripping
4. Disinfection
5. Oxygenation & Temperature Control
2. Solid Waste Treatment by Particle Size
In the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) system, solid particulate matter mainly comes from the feces of aquaculture organisms and feed that has not been consumed. The treatment of solid waste can adopt different treatment methods according to the particle size, from large to small.
Particle size of solid particles
Treatment Method
Equipment
Sedimentable particles larger than 100 microns (mainly residual feces)
Sedimentation
Vertical Flow Sedimentation Tank
Suspended solid particles between 30-100 microns
Filtration
Microscreen Filter
Suspended solid particles smaller than 30 microns
Foam Fractionation
Protein Skimmer
For larger particles with a particle size of over 100 microns (mainly fish manure and residual bait), these particles are sedimentable. To avoid increasing the load on subsequent processes after they break in the system, a precipitation process can be adopted. Vertical flow settler is a device that uses gravity separation to remove sedimentable particles. Through the vertical flow sedimentation process, 60% -70% of solid particles are removed.
After pre-treatment by a vertical flow settler, most of the sedimentable particles have been removed, and the remaining majority are for suspended solid particles between 30-100 microns. This part of the particles can be physically filtered through a microfilter.
After being filtered by a microfilter, the remaining particles are small suspended particles below 30 microns and some soluble organic matter. The particles in this part are mainly separated by foam through protein separator. Foam separation is a common method, which can remove micro suspended particles, soluble organic matter, and has certain functions of increasing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
3. Sequential Filtration Before Disinfection
3.1 Impact of Suspended Solids on UV Disinfection
Suspended particles in water can scatter and absorb ultraviolet radiation. This absorption and scattering effect can lead to the consumption of ultraviolet energy during propagation, further reducing the intensity and bactericidal effect of ultraviolet radiation. A study has found a correlation between suspended solids content and the survival of fecal coliforms in wastewater exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Bacteria with surface attached particles are protected by suspended particles, therefore, ultraviolet disinfection can only reduce the survival capacity by 3-4 log10 units.
Suspended particulate matter can limit the penetration depth of ultraviolet rays in water. In clear water, ultraviolet rays can penetrate the water relatively deeply and disinfect water at different depths. However, when there are suspended particles in the water, the penetration ability of ultraviolet rays will be hindered.
Taking a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) pond as an example, in the absence of suspended particulate matter, ultraviolet radiation may be effective in disinfecting water bodies up to a depth of 0.5-1 meters. But if the concentration of suspended particles in the water is high, ultraviolet rays may only penetrate depths of 0.2-0.3 meters, making it difficult for deeper water bodies to be fully disinfected, forming disinfection blind spots. This can lead to the continued growth and reproduction of microorganisms in these insufficiently disinfected areas, affecting the water quality of the entire Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) system.
In the absence of suspended particulate matter interference, a certain level of ultraviolet radiation dose (such as 10-20mJ/cm ²) can effectively kill it. But if there are a large number of suspended particles in the water, the ultraviolet intensity may only be 50% -70% of the original. To achieve the same disinfection effect, it is necessary to extend the ultraviolet irradiation time or increase the power of the ultraviolet lamp. Otherwise, some microorganisms may not be completely killed, resulting in incomplete disinfection and increasing the risk of infection by aquaculture organisms.
3.2 Impact of Suspended Solids on Ozone Disinfection
Suspended particulate matter will adsorb ozone in water. Due to the large specific surface area of suspended particles, ozone molecules are easily attached to their surfaces. For example, suspended particles such as feed residues, fecal particles, and microbial aggregates have many active sites on their surfaces that can physically adsorb ozone. This makes it difficult for ozone to effectively come into contact with pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.) in water after binding with suspended particulate matter, thereby reducing disinfection efficiency. It's like the disinfection "bullet" (ozone) being intercepted by the "obstacle" (suspended particles) in the middle.
The organic components in suspended particulate matter compete with pathogens for ozone. Many suspended particles contain organic matter, such as incompletely digested proteins, sugars, etc. These organic compounds, like pathogens, can undergo oxidation reactions with ozone. When there are too many suspended particles in water, ozone will preferentially react with these organic substances, consuming a large amount of ozone and reducing the amount of ozone used for disinfecting pathogens. For example, in a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) system containing high concentrations of suspended particulate matter, ozone may first devote most of its energy to oxidizing organic matter on the surface of the particles, while only a small amount of ozone can be used to kill harmful microorganisms in the water.
3.3 Benefits of Filtration Before Disinfection
After physical filtration (removal of suspended solids), biological filtration (removal of soluble harmful substances), and gas filtration (removal of carbon dioxide), the aquaculture water has become very clear. At this time, whether using ultraviolet disinfection or ozone disinfection, the effect will be very good.
4. Water Circulation Parameter Design
The core of Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) is the water cycle. So how to make water circulate? The circulation pump is the core, and its function is like the human heart. The biological filter is the highest point of the entire circulation system, where water flows into various aquaculture ponds through natural atmospheric pressure and then into the pump pool. The circulating pump then pumps water from the pump pool into the biofilter, thereby achieving water circulation.
The circulation pump is so important, so it must be designed with one main and one backup. When the main water pump malfunctions, the backup water pump can be started in a timely manner to prevent breeding accidents.
Circulation Rate Design
The circulation rate of Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) is very important. An appropriate circulation rate can ensure uniform water quality in the aquaculture pond. Through circulation, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and temperature can be evenly distributed throughout the entire water body, avoiding local water quality deterioration. The most important thing is to promote the removal of suspended particulate matter through the circulation of water. The flow of circulating water can bring suspended particles to the filtration equipment for treatment. Adequate circulation rate can improve the removal efficiency of suspended particulate matter and prevent its excessive accumulation in aquaculture ponds. Therefore, the speed of circulation determines the level of suspended particulate matter.
The calculation of circulation rate first requires determining the feeding amount based on the maximum biological carrying capacity, and then calculating the amount of suspended particulate matter produced per hour based on the feeding amount. Then, based on the target value of TSS designed for pond circulating water and the processing capacity of each equipment, calculate the circulation rate.
In summary, the calculation of cycle rate is relatively complex. Based on empirical values, it can be simply used as a reference value to cycle every 1 hours. Taking the cultivation of sea bass in a 1000 cubic meter circulating water body as an example, the cycle frequency is set to a 2-hour cycle. Therefore, the hourly cycle rate is 1000/2=500 tons/hour.
Variable Flow Design
Circulating pump is the equipment with the highest energy consumption in circulating water aquaculture. If the circulation pump is kept in a high-speed circulation state, it will quickly remove waste from the aquaculture water from the aquaculture tank, but the energy consumption is too high. If the circulation pump is kept running at low speed, although the energy consumption is low, the removal rate of waste from the aquaculture tank in the aquaculture water is slow. By installing frequency converters and intelligent control terminals, the variable flow technology can automatically adjust the parameters of the circulating water cycle according to different breeding stages and water quality parameters based on algorithms, achieving variable flow circulation.
Reference Diagram
Reference Process ParametersMaximum number of cycles for the circulating water system24 cycles/day
Breeding density
Seawater (e.g., Grouper): ≥50 kg/m³
Freshwater (e.g., Bass): ≥50 kg/m³
Utilization rate of aquaculture water in the circulating water system
≥90%
Water exchange rate
≤10%
UV sterilization rate
≥99.9%
I. Purpose
Water storage liquid bags are widely used in many fields, mainly including:
Agricultural irrigation: In arid areas, liquid bags can store rainwater or irrigation water to help crops grow.
Emergency water storage: In natural disasters or water supply interruptions, liquid bags can be used as emergency water sources.
Outdoor activities: Suitable for outdoor activities such as camping and hiking, easy to carry and use.
Industrial use: In some industrial processes, liquid bags can be used to store and transport liquid raw materials.
II. Materials
The materials of water storage liquid bags are usually durable and safe, including:
Polyethylene (PE): has good chemical resistance and UV resistance, suitable for long-term outdoor use.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): has low cost, but may release harmful substances under high temperature conditions.
TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane): has excellent elasticity and wear resistance, and is often used in high-end products.
Composite materials: Combine the advantages of multiple materials to improve strength and durability.
3. Design
The design of water storage bags is becoming more and more user-friendly and functional, mainly reflected in:
Portability: lightweight design, easy to carry, some products are foldable, saving space.
Versatility: some liquid bags are equipped with a filtration system, and the stored water can be drunk directly.
Durability: enhanced sealing design and wear-resistant materials to extend service life.
Visualization: transparent or translucent material design, easy to observe the amount of water inside.
4. Market Trends
The water storage bag market is experiencing rapid development, and the main trends include:
Enhanced environmental awareness: Consumers' attention to environmentally friendly materials and sustainable development has prompted manufacturers to adopt recyclable materials.
Intelligence: Some liquid bags have begun to integrate sensors to monitor water levels and water quality in real time.
Personalized needs: According to different usage scenarios, products with various specifications and functions are launched.
International market expansion: With the intensification of global climate change and water shortage problems, the demand for water storage bags in the international market continues to grow.
Conclusion
Water storage bags play an important role in modern life. Their diverse uses, continuously improving materials and designs, and rapid market development make them an effective tool for addressing water resource challenges. With the advancement of technology and changes in consumer demand, water storage bags in the future will be more intelligent, environmentally friendly and humane.
Water storage liquid bags are widely used in many fields, mainly including:
Agricultural irrigation: In arid areas, liquid bags can store rainwater or irrigation water to help crops grow.
Emergency water storage: In natural disasters or water supply interruptions, liquid bags can be used as emergency water sources.
Outdoor activities: Suitable for outdoor activities such as camping and hiking, easy to carry and use.
Industrial use: In some industrial processes, liquid bags can be used to store and transport liquid raw materials.
II. Materials
The materials of water storage liquid bags are usually durable and safe, including:
Polyethylene (PE): has good chemical resistance and UV resistance, suitable for long-term outdoor use.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): has low cost, but may release harmful substances under high temperature conditions.
TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane): has excellent elasticity and wear resistance, and is often used in high-end products.
Composite materials: Combine the advantages of multiple materials to improve strength and durability.
3. Design
The design of water storage bags is becoming more and more user-friendly and functional, mainly reflected in:
Portability: lightweight design, easy to carry, some products are foldable, saving space.
Versatility: some liquid bags are equipped with a filtration system, and the stored water can be drunk directly.
Durability: enhanced sealing design and wear-resistant materials to extend service life.
Visualization: transparent or translucent material design, easy to observe the amount of water inside.
4. Market Trends
The water storage bag market is experiencing rapid development, and the main trends include:
Enhanced environmental awareness: Consumers' attention to environmentally friendly materials and sustainable development has prompted manufacturers to adopt recyclable materials.
Intelligence: Some liquid bags have begun to integrate sensors to monitor water levels and water quality in real time.
Personalized needs: According to different usage scenarios, products with various specifications and functions are launched.
International market expansion: With the intensification of global climate change and water shortage problems, the demand for water storage bags in the international market continues to grow.
Conclusion
Water storage bags play an important role in modern life. Their diverse uses, continuously improving materials and designs, and rapid market development make them an effective tool for addressing water resource challenges. With the advancement of technology and changes in consumer demand, water storage bags in the future will be more intelligent, environmentally friendly and humane.
Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) circulating water technology is a technology that can change aquaculture in open water bodies into controlled environment farming. This technology can continuously renew the water body and has unique technical advantages. When using RAS technology to breed aquatic products, it is necessary to start from the hydrological conditions of the breeding site and make different adaptive designs in each link of the system.
First of all, circulating water technology can turn the uncontrollable breeding environment into controllable, basically eliminating the influence of external factors (such as harmful bacteria, viruses, pesticide residues in the soil, excessive heavy metals, etc.) on organisms. In the process of recirculating aquaculture, not only do not need to add any antibiotics, but also add various beneficial bacteria to help the fish intestines restore health, so that the produced aquatic products are truly healthier and pollution-free.
Secondly, the circulating water plant is different from the traditional soil pond culture, it can be built on any land for agricultural facilities or industrial land. Circulating water plants can be built around super cities, such as Chongming Island in Shanghai, Shenshan Cooperation Zone in Shenzhen, and Development Zone in Chengdu. Therefore, circulating water technology can to a certain extent solve the problems of loss, cold chain, and water truck logistics costs caused by the logistics and transportation of production and sales during aquaculture. However, considering the actual cost of water for aquaculture, the factory needs to be located in an area close enough to the water source to optimize the cost structure.
Finally, recirculating aquaculture technology can meet the needs of agricultural orders, and can plan production in advance according to species and quantity. In the production process, it is possible to use AI image recognition (to assist in the inventory of biological assets), automatic feeding machines (to save labor costs), and automatic fish screening/separation devices (to reduce external disturbance of biological growth and reduce mortality), which has the advantages of Many advantages. For fresh food e-commerce companies such as Hema and Dingdong, the quality control of aquatic products has always been their biggest pain point, and the circulating water technology is exactly what makes the production process fully transparent, real-time inventory, and predictive breeding The cycle can help downstream fresh food e-commerce companies to provide consumers with a stable and healthy supply of goods.
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